Beneficiaries and Ownership Archives

When “Transfer On Death” Accounts Go Bad

Posted on January 7, 2020

If you have ever had to deal with a complicated or contested Probate over a family member’s Will, you know that a lot of your problems would have been avoided if funds had instead been held in Transfer On Death [“TOD”] accounts: While Probating a Will requires a lot of court paperwork, time, and the cost of paying an attorney to help navigate through the proceeding, TOD accounts transfer as Operation of Law assets, meaning all the beneficiary of the account has to do is show up with an original death certificate. But sometimes TOD accounts are not properly set up, cause confusion or secrecy where none was desired, or end up being transferred to people you don’t want them

Getting Divorced? Leave Children’s Life Insurance to a Trust

Posted on November 15, 2019

As a member of the First Spouse Turned Demogorgon Club, I can tell you with hindsight that divorce can be a wonderful thing: No more arguments, no more awkward Thanksgivings with creepy in-laws, no more washing the dishes during prime football hours. But at the same time, divorce is almost never positive during the initial process, self-doubt and anger consumes you, and (ultimately) you will have to deal with financial matters, particularly if you have minor children. And when child support or maintenance is in the picture, your former best friend is going to want to make sure that cool hard cash is still there if you pass away during the payment period. So, purchasing life insurance to cover your

When Should I NOT Act as Mom’s Executor?

Posted on May 10, 2019

When your mom passes away with a valid Will and property being transferred by that Will, the Will is submitted to the Court who appoints an estate representative to wrap up her final affairs. This person or company – almost always named in the Will – is known as the Executor, and has the ability to do everything that your mom could do during her life: Collect her assets, pay creditors, review all of mom’s financial records and statements, file income tax returns, order her medical records, distribute her property as mom’s Will states, and even clean out mom’s closet (which she likely neglected to do before she died since, you know, she’s now dead). We say an Executor “steps

Angry Brothers Agree to Settle (Mom’s Estate)

Posted on October 5, 2018

You never know how close you are to your family until you have to share an inheritance with them. I am wrapping-up a case where my client’s mother died, leaving a Will that equally-distributed her real estate between her two somewhat-acrimonious sons. Usually this apartment would be sold, proceeds disbursed, and everyone would go their separate way. However, my client’s brother insisted that he could make them more money if he improved the real estate. His brother (my client) was not so hip on this idea – none of them had any real estate investing experience – but through sheer force, perseverance and presumption his brother had his own son move in (which he did – with a few kewl

5 Reasons UTMA Accounts Are Bad

Posted on April 26, 2018

Parents and grandparents sometimes look for easy ways to give money to younger family members. The challenge arises when the recipient is a minor (minors cannot own property in their own name until 18, with some exceptions) and when the donor wants to minimize legal fees. A Uniform Transfer to Minors Act [“UTMA”] account, which leaves funds to the child when he/she turns 21, used to be viewed as an appropriate way to leave funds to a minor now that would be paid out later when he/she reached a more mature age. UTMAs are inexpensive: You only need to set up the account at a financial institution, name an adult custodian for the account, and let the custodian buy a

When a Trust Beneficiary Doesn’t Have a Copy of Their Trust

Posted on March 1, 2018

The last few generations have seen an immense growth in wealth that can be transferred to family members. They have also seen an increase in the types of temptations available to those family members: More drugs, more frivolous items to spend on, more high-risk business opportunities that don’t pan out. So wealthy family members leave these bequests using trusts, so the funds may be protected from the beneficiary, for the beneficiary. But what happens when a beneficiary can’t find their copy of the trust, and what rights does that beneficiary have over those funds? I see this problem at least once per week: The beneficiary’s parent / grandparent / uncle left them funds in a trust, but the beneficiary

What and When Should I Tell My Kids?

Posted on September 5, 2017

Parents who have gone through the estate planning process typically ask what information they should share with their children and when. The answer requires balancing many factors, but can be boiled down to a simple concept: Take responsibility and own up to your decisions, and don’t leave it to your kids to fight about it. First, if a child has been left out of a Will or is receiving less money than other siblings you may want to tell them so, and why. Clearly this is not a universal approach, but taking responsibility and informing them up-front allows the child to reconcile this fact. This will also help minimize your other children having to deal with the dispossessed child’s bitterness

College Kids in Trouble! Draft Your Child’s Health Care Proxy

Posted on July 14, 2017

Ah, the Ivory Tower, where high school kids aspire to escape to, and parents best hope for 4 years of peace and quiet. But with independence comes responsibility: Travel, driving, concerts, and protests. And drinking. Lots of drinking. And then comes a horrible injury or hospital admittance, followed by a parental realization: You are not allowed access to your adult child’s health care information, and cannot make decisions regarding their health care. In most states, the age of majority is 18, and once he or she moves out of his or her parent’s residence they are considered an adult with all of the privacy rights that inure to adults. The only individual who, by default, has access to

Second Wives: Reapers of Sorrow, Destroyers of Family Wealth!

Posted on June 14, 2017

In a world where our assets are constantly under threat from usurious taxes, government largess, financial predators and rapacious offspring, there is still NO worse threat to intergenerational family wealth than a second wife. People get married the first time for any one of a number of reasons: Family pressure, filling a void, the urge to have children, an inexplicable desire to emulate the lives of Al and Peg Bundy and passion. But these first marriages often end, sometimes with children left in their wake, and are replaced by a second marriage based on love, devotion and emotional security. In these second (or third) marriages, often one spouse tends to be significantly older and more financially secure than

“Don’t Forget About BoBo: Pet Trust for Your Animal Companion”

Posted on May 16, 2017

One of my dearest aging clients have a dog named Bo Bo. Bo Bo is a true companion to this couple: They are in their 90s and have outlived many of their friends, the husband is more mobile than his wife and likes to get physical activity by walking Bo Bo, and the dog is absolutely in love with them. Bo Bo also smells bad, barks at the littlest disturbance, is a manic that constantly jumps on visitors, (and gets slobber and fur on my suit, which needs to be dry cleaned after every single visit) and is begrudgingly tolerated (at best) by anyone other than my clients. Unfortunately, when my clients pass to the eternal human boneyard, Bo Bo’s

3 Ways An Irrevocable Trust Really Isn’t Irrevocable?

Posted on April 25, 2017

As I have discussed in the past, https://www.investopedia.com/advisor-network/articles/only-3-reasons-why-you-should-have-irrevocable-trust/ there are three reasons to create irrevocable trusts. The word “Irrevocable” usually implies no ability to change, and most people believe that a Trustee is required to adhere to the language contained in the irrevocable trust, even though times and circumstances may have changed. Nonetheless, in many circumstances, irrevocable trusts may actually be legally changed, modified or revoked in New York State. ALL PARTIES AGREE TO MODIFY: The first circumstance exists when the Grantor of the Trust is still alive, wants to make a change and ALL the beneficiaries of the Trust agree with the proposed change. In this case, an amendment of the Trust or a revocation can be done –

5 Reasons to Avoid Giving Small Gifts in Your Will

Posted on April 18, 2017

If you have immediate family members whom you love, it is assumed you will leave most of your estate to them. In this case, leaving a few hundred dollars to a distant niece or friend is rightly viewed as an unnecessary sign of respect and kindness. But beware: The amount of time, legal fees and other costs associated with giving a $1,000 bequest in your Will can cost as much as leaving a $50,000 to that beneficiary. In fact, leaving small gifts to people using your Will is a sure way to increase your legal fees in New York, oftentimes incurring more expenses to send the gift than the amount of the gift itself: Cost of Mailing Notice (Required):

3 Times Your Retirement Plan is Not Protected from Creditors

Posted on April 4, 2017

Many people know that IRAs and 401(k) plans have creditor protection. However, most people do not know the limits of that creditor protection. It may come as an unwelcome surprise, but if someone is suing you: (1) if you owe money to the IRS or to an ex-spouse, (2) if your retirement plan is of a certain type, or (3) if your beneficiaries are under creditor attack, your retirement funds may not be protected at all. First, if you owe tax dollars to the IRS, or are late on alimony or child support payments, your retirement plan is almost never a safe haven. The IRS, an ex-spouse, and minor children act as “super creditor” against your retirement plans. Ex-spouses

UTMA Accounts: The Good, Bad and Ugly

Posted on March 21, 2017

Uniform Transfer to Minors Act accounts allow a person to leave funds to a minor beneficiary without a court’s interference. In general, minors are not legally able to own property. If a minor comes into possession of a bank or investment account or proceeds from a life insurance policy or retirement plan, a court may have to appoint a guardian over the property. UTMA accounts sidestep this requirement by naming a custodian over the funds: the custodian oversees and invests the funds until the minor turns 21 years old. However, just because UTMAs avoid court oversight, does not mean they are devoid of other problems: Poor Investment Decisions: A custodian who invests the funds poorly relies on state

Naming Beneficiaries: When to Start (and Stop) Asking “What If?”

Posted on February 17, 2017

My mentor was a meticulous, forward-thinking attorney. When she retired from private practice I succeeded her and took over her client files. As a result, I had the pleasure of reading many of the wills she had drafted (not a recommended activity for narcoleptics who don’t want to fall asleep). She was absolutely scrupulous when it came to naming contingent beneficiaries to an estate. For some of her clients, and indeed for me too at times, it seemed like a maddening process. Here is a common scenario: I imagine going to an attorney to draft my Will, create beneficiary designation forms, and consider creating a trust. Now comes the moment of truth: When I pass away, who gets what?

IRAs v. Roths? Choose the “Absolute Benefit”

Posted on February 14, 2017

No one knows their financial future with certainty, but when given the choice, I almost always suggest taking a sure thing now (an “Absolute Benefit”) over risking an uncertain future (an “Uncertain Benefit”). In this regard, I tell all of my clients to take a tax deduction now and invest in a tax deductible IRA or 401(k) instead of contributing to a Roth IRA or Roth 401(k) plan, in order to optimize the certainty of income tax savings. Remember that you take an immediate income tax deduction on a 401(k) or most traditional IRA contributions; you only pay taxes when you withdraw funds (usually after you are retired, and your tax bracket is lower). In contrast, Roth accounts require

How a Grandparent Should Gift Money to a New York 529 Plan

Posted on January 27, 2017

Funding a grandchild’s college education can be a beast: The amount of money that may have paid for your child’s four year undergraduate education may only pay for one year’s worth of tuition for your grandchild. This coupled with increasing housing costs and other relentless modern-day living expenses, make it hard for your children to adequately fund a 529 Plan to pay for your grandchildren’s college education. Here are a few ownership and funding choices a grandparent may want to consider when funding a 529 Plan for a grandchild: Open a 529 Plan as the Owner: Funding a 529 Plan is unlike most gifts. For most transfers, once you make a gift you have no way to get

Leaving the Right Gift to the Right Person

Posted on September 30, 2016

I meet several clients who, upon death, want to automatically give their daughters their jewelry and split their remaining property equally between their children. This is also the default position suggested by general practitioner attorneys who will draft a two page Will for their lifetime client, and avoid the consultation time needed to truly understand their client’s desires. My experience suggests that serious consideration must be given to distributing the correct amount of property, and the right type of property, to each beneficiary. Most people leave property first to their spouse, then to their children equally – they have equated equally loving their children with bequeathing them equal amounts of property. It goes without saying that even in “healthy” families this may not be

Simple Dos and Don’ts of Gifting for College Education

Posted on August 1, 2016

Higher education is usuriously expensive. The fact that a child’s education may cost as much as you paid for your first house should highlight the importance of gifting these funds in the correct way. You can pay an unlimited amount of money for a child’s education expenses, provided you pay the money directly to the educational institution. Qualified education expenses are looked at as a benefit to public policy, and therefore do not require the donor to fill in a gift tax return. The funds are also not deducted from your lifetime gift tax exemption, meaning you can continue to gift additional funds without having to assess a tax. Paying a child back for their student loan payments

Cain and Abel: When Siblings Despise Each Other

Posted on July 17, 2015

There are no perfect families. Even the first biblical family had an extreme sibling rivalry (with some rather bad results). And while most of us don’t have to worry about such an extreme outcome, many parents do worry that their children will not play well in the estate sandbox as their parents age and pass away. The worries: One child helps mom and dad as they age, is given a lot of money prior to and after their passing, and the other child brings a lawsuit for absconding with the money that they feel is one half theirs. One child helps mom and dad as they age, is given the same amount of money as the child who did nothing,

Giving to the Right Charity at the Funeral: Using Your “DORA”

Posted on June 26, 2015

I attended the wake of my friend Michael on Monday. He was a funny, likable, handsome man of 29 years of age and died unexpectedly. Like so many other people, I will miss Michael’s good humor and positive attitude. At the wake I noticed that his family had requested that any people who were so inclined could make a charitable donation to the Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America. Here was a young man who had no idea his passing was imminent, and his family had decided to ask for donations for a cause that was relevant to him, but he may never have voiced an opinion for or significantly donated to himself. And it suddenly hit me: I have

Smart Ideas for Making Your Agents Known (When Needed)

Posted on February 24, 2015

Too many attorneys fail to inform a person’s Power of Attorney, Health Care Agent, or Executor that he/she has been named as a person’s agent or, even worse, fail to tell their clients to inform these people of their responsibilities. These practitioners appear to have the attitude of “I’ve been paid, you have your legal documents, let’s both move onto the next thing in our lives.” While this does not rise to the level of legal malpractice, it certainly is inconsiderate and potentially dangerous, for the following reasons: These documents are not public record. If there is an emergency, how is a Health Care Agent going to be identified by the admitting health care facility? The documents may be hard

2014 IN REVIEW

Posted on December 23, 2014

Happy Holidays and New Year! I hope this letter finds you in good spirits. 2014 was a very busy year in the Trusts & Estates and Elder Law field. Most of my predictions were wrong (again). I tend to err on the side of caution, however, so when I am wrong my clients typically win. Please allow me to share some legal highlights of this past year with you, and some professional insights as to how 2015 may look in the Trusts & Estates and Elder Law arena: THE BAD NEWS: INHERITED IRA CHANGE: BENEFICIARIES NO LONGER PROTECTED Issue: In the past, your IRA and other retirement plans were protected from creditors, with the exception of a spouse whom you

“My Estate” is the WORST Beneficiary

Posted on September 30, 2014

Unless you own property jointly or in a trust, certain items of property have to pass through your Probate Estate (i.e. under your Will). The car or bank account solely in your name, stock certificates (an awful form of property), the family house you did not place in a Trust, your personal property, all pass under your Will. Or, if you don’t have a Will, through Administration under the “Laws of Intestacy.” However, some people make the misinformed decision to leave “operation of law” assets, such as retirement plans or life insurance, to their estate. Let me be very clear here: This is a BAD idea. The only reason someone would errantly do this is because they want court supervision of

How to (and Should I?) Place My Cooperative Apartment in a Trust

Posted on September 25, 2014

Buying (and living in) a Coop can be a pain: Coop Boards dictate whether you can have pets, children tenants, hard wood floors, and when you pay increased maintenance and “special assessments.” They also decide whether or not you can place your Coop “In Trust,” thereby avoiding it passing through Probate via your Will when you pass away. First, the Coop’s legal counsel will want to review your Trust, often for about the cost you paid to draft it. They may require modifications and ask your beneficiaries to assume any future liabilities that may be assessed. You will then need to transfer the Coop shares for an additional cost, and produce your original Shares Certificate and Proprietary Lease (or otherwise